3控制流

if语句

>>> x = int(input("Please enter an integer: "))
Please enter an integer: 42
>>> if x < 0:
...     x = 0
...     print('Negative changed to zero')
... elif x == 0:
...     print('Zero')
... elif x == 1:
...     print('Single')
... else:
...     print('More')
...
More

for语句

对任意序列进行迭代（例如列表或字符串），条目的迭代顺序与它们在序列中出现的顺序一致。

>>> # Measure some strings:
... words = ['cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']
>>> for w in words:
...     print(w, len(w))
...
cat 3
window 6
defenestrate 12

在遍历同一个集合时修改该集合的代码可能很难获得正确的结果。通常，更直接的做法是循环遍历该集合的副本或创建新集合：

# Strategy:  Iterate over a copy
for user, status in users.copy().items():
    if status == 'inactive':
        del users[user]

# Strategy:  Create a new collection
active_users = {}
for user, status in users.items():
    if status == 'active':
        active_users[user] = status

else循环语句

try 语句中的 else 子句会在未发生异常时执行，而循环中的 else 子句则会在未发生 break 时执行。
循环语句可能带有 else 子句；它会在循环耗尽了可迭代对象 (使用 for) 或循环条件变为假值 (使用 while) 时被执行，但不会在循环被 break 语句终止时被执行。

>>> for n in range(2, 10):
...     for x in range(2, n):
...         if n % x == 0:
...             print(n, 'equals', x, '*', n//x)
...             break
...     else:
...         # loop fell through without finding a factor
...         print(n, 'is a prime number')
...
2 is a prime number
3 is a prime number
4 equals 2 * 2
5 is a prime number
6 equals 2 * 3
7 is a prime number
8 equals 2 * 4
9 equals 3 * 3

break语句

break 语句，和 C 中的类似，用于跳出最近的 for 或 while 循环.

continue语句

continue 语句也是借鉴自 C 语言，表示继续循环中的下一次迭代:

>>> for num in range(2, 10):
...     if num % 2 == 0:
...         print("Found an even number", num)
...         continue
...     print("Found an odd number", num)
Found an even number 2
Found an odd number 3
Found an even number 4
Found an odd number 5
Found an even number 6
Found an odd number 7
Found an even number 8
Found an odd number 9

pass语句

pass 语句什么也不做。当语法上需要一个语句，但程序需要什么动作也不做时，可以使用它。例如:

>>>
>>> while True:
...     pass  # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C)
...